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:''This is about the fitness movement; for the study of the physical aspects of cultures, see Anthropology, Cultural Anthropology, and Social Anthropology.'' Physical culture is a health and strength training movement that originated during the 19th century in Germany, England, and the United States. ==Origins== The physical culture movement of the 19th century owed its origins to several cultural trends.〔Shelly McKenzie, ''Getting Physical: The Rise of Fitness Culture in America'' (University Press of Kansas; 2013)〕 German immigrants after 1848 introduced a physical culture system based on gymnastics that became popular especially in colleges. Many local Turner clubs introduced physical education (PE) in the form of 'German gymnastics' into American colleges and public schools. The perception of Turnen as 'non-American' prevented the 'German system' from becoming the dominating form. They were especially important mainly in the cities with a large German-American population, but their influence slowly spread.〔Gertrud Pfister, "The Role of German Turners in American Physical Education," ''International Journal of the History of Sport'' (2009) 26#13 pp 1893-1925.〕 By the late 19th century reformers worried that sedentary white collar workers were suffering from various "diseases of affluence" that were partially attributed to their increasingly sedentary lifestyles. In consequence, numerous exercise systems were developed, typically drawing from a range of traditional folk games, dances and sports, military training and medical calisthenics. Physical culture programs were promoted through the education system, particularly at military academies, as well as via public and private gymnasiums. Industry began the production of various items of exercise-oriented sports equipment. During the early and mid-19th century, these printed works and items of apparatus generally addressed exercise as a form of remedial physical therapy. Certain items of equipment and types of exercise were common to several different physical culture systems, including exercises with Indian clubs, medicine balls, wooden or iron wands and dumbbells. Combat sports such as fencing, boxing and wrestling were also widely practiced in physical culture schools, and were touted as forms of physical culture in their own right. The Muscular Christianity movement of the late 19th century advocated a fusion of energetic Christian activism and rigorous physical culture training. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「physical culture」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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